A pseudocolumn behaves like a table column, but is not actually stored in the table. You can select from pseudocolumns, but you cannot insert, update, or delete their values.
List of Pseudocolumns:

1. Hierarchical Query Pseudocolumns

2. Sequence Pseudocolumns

3. Version Query Pseudocolumns

4. COLUMN_VALUE Pseudocolumn

5. OBJECT_ID Pseudocolumn

6. OBJECT_VALUE Pseudocolumn

7. ORA_ROWSCN Pseudocolumn

8. ROWID Pseudocolumn

9. ROWNUM Pseudocolumn

10. XMLDATA Pseudocolumn

===========================

Hierarchical Query Pseudocolumns

The hierarchical query pseudocolumns are valid only in hierarchical queries. The hierarchical query pseudocolumns are:

CONNECT_BY_ISCYCLE Pseudocolumn
CONNECT_BY_ISLEAF Pseudocolumn
LEVEL Pseudocolumn

CONNECT_BY_ISCYCLE Pseudocolumn

The CONNECT_BY_ISCYCLE pseudocolumn returns 1 if the current row has a child which is also its ancestor. Otherwise it returns 0.
You can specify CONNECT_BY_ISCYCLE only if you have specified the NOCYCLE parameter of the CONNECT BY clause. NOCYCLE enables Oracle to return the results of a query that would otherwise fail because of a CONNECT BY loop in the data.

CONNECT_BY_ISLEAF Pseudocolumn

The CONNECT_BY_ISLEAF pseudocolumn returns 1 if the current row is a leaf of the tree defined by the CONNECT BY condition. Otherwise it returns 0. This information indicates whether a given row can be further expanded to show more of the hierarchy.
CONNECT_BY_ISLEAF Example The following example shows the first three levels of the hr.employees table, indicating for each row whether it is a leaf row (indicated by 1 in the IsLeaf column) or whether it has child rows (indicated by 0 in the IsLeaf column):

SELECT last_name "Employee", CONNECT_BY_ISLEAF "IsLeaf",
   LEVEL, SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(last_name, '/') "Path"
   FROM employees
   WHERE LEVEL <= 3 AND department_id = 80
   START WITH employee_id = 100
   CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id AND LEVEL <= 4;

Employee            IsLeaf      LEVEL Path
--------------- ---------- ---------- -----------------------------------
Russell                  0          2 /King/Russell
Tucker                   1          3 /King/Russell/Tucker
Bernstein                1          3 /King/Russell/Bernstein
Hall                     1          3 /King/Russell/Hall
Olsen                    1          3 /King/Russell/Olsen
Cambrault                1          3 /King/Russell/Cambrault
Tuvault                  1          3 /King/Russell/Tuvault
Partners                 0          2 /King/Partners
King                     1          3 /King/Partners/King
Sully                    1          3 /King/Partners/Sully
McEwen                   1          3 /King/Partners/McEwen
Smith                    1          3 /King/Partners/Smith
Doran                    1          3 /King/Partners/Doran
Sewall                   1          3 /King/Partners/Sewall
Errazuriz                0          2 /King/Errazuriz
Vishney                  1          3 /King/Errazuriz/Vishney
...

34 rows selected.

=========================

LEVEL Pseudocolumn

For each row returned by a hierarchical query, the LEVEL pseudocolumn returns 1 for a root row, 2 for a child of a root, and so on. A root row is the highest row within an inverted tree. A child row is any nonroot row. A parent row is any row that has children. A leaf row is any row without children. Figure 3-1 shows the nodes of an inverted tree with their LEVEL values.

Figure 3-1 Hierarchical Tree

Description of "Figure 3-1 Hierarchical Tree "

To define a hierarchical relationship in a query, you must use the START WITH and CONNECT BY clauses.

==========================

Sequence Pseudocolumns

A sequence is a schema object that can generate unique sequential values. These values are often used for primary and unique keys. You can refer to sequence values in SQL statements with these pseudocolumns:

CURRVAL: Returns the current value of a sequence
NEXTVAL: Increments the sequence and returns the next value

You must qualify CURRVAL and NEXTVAL with the name of the sequence:

sequence.CURRVAL
sequence.NEXTVAL

To refer to the current or next value of a sequence in the schema of another user, you must have been granted either SELECT object privilege on the sequence or SELECT ANY SEQUENCE system privilege, and you must qualify the sequence with the schema containing it:

schema.sequence.CURRVAL
schema.sequence.NEXTVAL

To refer to the value of a sequence on a remote database, you must qualify the sequence with a complete or partial name of a database link:

schema.sequence.CURRVAL@dblink
schema.sequence.NEXTVAL@dblink

 ======================

Where to Use Sequence Values

You can use CURRVAL and NEXTVAL in the following locations:

The select list of a SELECT statement that is not contained in a subquery, materialized view, or view
The select list of a subquery in an INSERT statement
The VALUES clause of an INSERT statement
The SET clause of an UPDATE statement

Restrictions on Sequence Values You cannot use CURRVAL and NEXTVAL in the following constructs:

A subquery in a DELETE, SELECT, or UPDATE statement
A query of a view or of a materialized view
A SELECT statement with the DISTINCT operator
A SELECT statement with a GROUP BY clause or ORDER BY clause
A SELECT statement that is combined with another SELECT statement with the UNION, INTERSECT, or MINUS set operator
The WHERE clause of a SELECT statement
The DEFAULT value of a column in a CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE statement
The condition of a CHECK constraint

Within a single SQL statement that uses CURRVAL or NEXTVAL, all referenced LONG columns, updated tables, and locked tables must be located on the same database.

===========

How to Use Sequence Values

When you create a sequence, you can define its initial value and the increment between its values. The first reference to NEXTVAL returns the initial value of the sequence. Subsequent references to NEXTVAL increment the sequence value by the defined increment and return the new value. Any reference to CURRVAL always returns the current value of the sequence, which is the value returned by the last reference to NEXTVAL.
Before you use CURRVAL for a sequence in your session, you must first initialize the sequence with NEXTVAL. Please refer to CREATE SEQUENCE for information on sequences.
Within a single SQL statement containing a reference to NEXTVAL, Oracle increments the sequence once:

For each row returned by the outer query block of a SELECT statement. Such a query block can appear in the following places:
- A top-level SELECT statement
- An INSERT ... SELECT statement (either single-table or multitable). For a multitable insert, the reference to NEXTVAL must appear in the VALUES clause, and the sequence is updated once for each row returned by the subquery, even though NEXTVAL may be referenced in multiple branches of the multitable insert.
- A CREATE TABLE ... AS SELECT statement
- A CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW ... AS SELECT statement
For each row updated in an UPDATE statement
For each INSERT statement containing a VALUES clause
For each row merged by a MERGE statement. The reference to NEXTVAL can appear in the merge_insert_clause or the merge_update_clause or both. The NEXTVALUE value is incremented for each row updated and for each row inserted, even if the sequence number is not actually used in the update or insert operation. If NEXTVAL is specified more than once in any of these locations, then the sequence is incremented once for each row and returns the same value for all occurrences of NEXTVAL for that row.

If any of these locations contains more than one reference to NEXTVAL, then Oracle increments the sequence once and returns the same value for all occurrences of NEXTVAL.
If any of these locations contains references to both CURRVAL and NEXTVAL, then Oracle increments the sequence and returns the same value for both CURRVAL and NEXTVAL.
A sequence can be accessed by many users concurrently with no waiting or locking.
Finding the next value of a sequence: Example This example selects the next value of the employee sequence in the sample schema hr:

SELECT employees_seq.nextval 
    FROM DUAL;

Inserting sequence values into a table: Example This example increments the employee sequence and uses its value for a new employee inserted into the sample table hr.employees:

INSERT INTO employees
   VALUES (employees_seq.nextval, 'John', 'Doe', 'jdoe', 
   '555-1212', TO_DATE(SYSDATE), 'PU_CLERK', 2500, null, null,
   30);

Reusing the current value of a sequence: Example This example adds a new order with the next order number to the master order table. It then adds suborders with this number to the detail order table:

INSERT INTO orders (order_id, order_date, customer_id)
   VALUES (orders_seq.nextval, TO_DATE(SYSDATE), 106);

INSERT INTO order_items (order_id, line_item_id, product_id)
   VALUES (orders_seq.currval, 1, 2359);

INSERT INTO order_items (order_id, line_item_id, product_id)
   VALUES (orders_seq.currval, 2, 3290);

INSERT INTO order_items (order_id, line_item_id, product_id)
   VALUES (orders_seq.currval, 3, 2381);

 ===========================

Version Query Pseudocolumns

The version query pseudocolumns are valid only in Oracle Flashback Version Query, which is a form of Oracle Flashback Query. The version query pseudocolumns are:

VERSIONS_STARTTIME: Returns the timestamp of the first version of the rows returned by the query.
VERSIONS_STARTSCN: Returns the SCN of the first version of the rows returned by the query.
VERSIONS_ENDTIME: Returns the timestamp of the last version of the rows returned by the query.
VERSIONS_ENDSCN: Returns the SCN of the last version of the rows returned by the query.
VERSIONS_XID: For each version of each row, returns the transaction ID (a RAW number) of the transaction that created that row version.
VERSIONS_OPERATION: For each version of each row, returns a single character representing the operation that caused that row version. The values returned are I (for an insert operation), U (for an update operation) or D (for a delete operation).

COLUMN_VALUE Pseudocolumn
When you refer to an XMLTable construct without the COLUMNS clause, or when you use the TABLE function to refer to a scalar nested table type, the database returns a virtual table with a single column. This name of this pseudocolumn is COLUMN_VALUE.
In the context of XMLTable, the value returned is of datatype XMLType. For example, the following two statements are equivalent, and the output for both shows COLUMN_VALUE as the name of the column being returned:
```
SELECT * FROM XMLTABLE('<a>123</a>');

COLUMN_VALUE
---------------------------------------
<a>123</a>

SELECT COLUMN_VALUE FROM (XMLTable('<a>123</a>'));

COLUMN_VALUE
----------------------------------------
<a>123</a>
```
In the context of a TABLE function, the value returned is the datatype of the collection element. The following statements create the two levels of nested tables illustrated in "Multi-level Collection Example" to show the uses of COLUMN_VALUE in this context:
```
CREATE TYPE phone AS TABLE OF NUMBER;   
/
CREATE TYPE phone_list AS TABLE OF phone;
/
```
The next statement uses COLUMN_VALUE to select from the phone type:
```
SELECT t.COLUMN_VALUE from table(phone(1,2,3)) t;

COLUMN_VALUE
------------
          1
          2
          3
```
In a nested type, you can use the COLUMN_VALUE pseudocolumn in both the select list and the TABLE function:
```
SELECT t.COLUMN_VALUE FROM 
   TABLE(phone_list(phone(1,2,3))) p, TABLE(p.COLUMN_VALUE) t;
COLUMN_VALUE
------------
           1
           2
           3
```
The keyword COLUMN_VALUE is also the name that Oracle Database generates for the scalar value of an inner nested table without a column or attribute name, as shown in the example that follows. In this context, COLUMN_VALUE is not a pseudocolumn, but an actual column name.
```
CREATE TABLE my_customers (
   cust_id       NUMBER,
   name          VARCHAR2(25),
   phone_numbers phone_list,
   credit_limit  NUMBER)
   NESTED TABLE phone_numbers STORE AS outer_ntab
   (NESTED TABLE COLUMN_VALUE STORE AS inner_ntab); 
```
```
 
```
```
 
```
OBJECT_ID Pseudocolumn
The OBJECT_ID pseudocolumn returns the object identifier of a column of an object table or view. Oracle uses this pseudocolumn as the primary key of an object table. OBJECT_ID is useful in INSTEAD OF triggers on views and for identifying the ID of a substitutable row in an object table.

Note:
In earlier releases, this pseudocolumn was called SYS_NC_OID$. That name is still supported for backward compatibility. However, Oracle recommends that you use the more intuitive name OBJECT_ID.
OBJECT_VALUE Pseudocolumn
The OBJECT_VALUE pseudocolumn returns system-generated names for the columns of an object table, XMLType table, object view, or XMLType view. This pseudocolumn is useful for identifying the value of a substitutable row in an object table and for creating object views with the WITH OBJECT IDENTIFIER clause.

ORA_ROWSCN Pseudocolumn
For each row, ORA_ROWSCN returns the conservative upper bound system change number (SCN) of the most recent change to the row. This pseudocolumn is useful for determining approximately when a row was last updated. It is not absolutely precise, because Oracle tracks SCNs by transaction committed for the block in which the row resides. You can obtain a more fine-grained approximation of the SCN by creating your tables with row-level dependency tracking. Please refer to CREATE TABLE ... NOROWDEPENDENCIES | ROWDEPENDENCIES for more information on row-level dependency tracking.
You cannot use this pseudocolumn in a query to a view. However, you can use it to refer to the underlying table when creating a view. You can also use this pseudocolumn in the WHERE clause of an UPDATE or DELETE statement.
ORA_ROWSCN is not supported for Flashback Query. Instead, use the version query pseudocolumns, which are provided explicitly for Flashback Query. Please refer to the SELECT ... flashback_query_clause for information on Flashback Query and "Version Query Pseudocolumns" for additional information on those pseudocolumns.
Restriction: This pseudocolumn is not supported for external tables.
Example The first statement below uses the ORA_ROWSCN pseudocolumn to get the system change number of the last operation on the employees table. The second statement uses the pseudocolumn with the SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP function to determine the timestamp of the operation:
```
SELECT ORA_ROWSCN, last_name FROM employees WHERE employee_id = 188;

SELECT SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP(ORA_ROWSCN), last_name FROM employees
   WHERE employee_id = 188; 
```
```
 
```
```
 
```
ROWID Pseudocolumn
For each row in the database, the ROWID pseudocolumn returns the address of the row. Oracle Database rowid values contain information necessary to locate a row:
- The data object number of the object
- The data block in the datafile in which the row resides
- The position of the row in the data block (first row is 0)
- The datafile in which the row resides (first file is 1). The file number is relative to the tablespace.
Usually, a rowid value uniquely identifies a row in the database. However, rows in different tables that are stored together in the same cluster can have the same rowid.
Values of the ROWID pseudocolumn have the datatype ROWID or UROWID. Please refer to "ROWID Datatype" and "UROWID Datatype" for more information.
Rowid values have several important uses:
- They are the fastest way to access a single row.
- They can show you how the rows in a table are stored.
- They are unique identifiers for rows in a table.
You should not use ROWID as the primary key of a table. If you delete and reinsert a row with the Import and Export utilities, for example, then its rowid may change. If you delete a row, then Oracle may reassign its rowid to a new row inserted later.
Although you can use the ROWID pseudocolumn in the SELECT and WHERE clause of a query, these pseudocolumn values are not actually stored in the database. You cannot insert, update, or delete a value of the ROWID pseudocolumn.
Example This statement selects the address of all rows that contain data for employees in department 20:
SELECT ROWID, last_name FROM employees WHERE department_id = 20;
```
 
```
```
 
```
```
 
```
```
 
```
```
 
```
ROWNUM Pseudocolumn
For each row returned by a query, the ROWNUM pseudocolumn returns a number indicating the order in which Oracle selects the row from a table or set of joined rows. The first row selected has a ROWNUM of 1, the second has 2, and so on.
You can use ROWNUM to limit the number of rows returned by a query, as in this example:
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE ROWNUM < 10; If an ORDER BY clause follows ROWNUM in the same query, then the rows will be reordered by the ORDER BY clause. The results can vary depending on the way the rows are accessed. For example, if the ORDER BY clause causes Oracle to use an index to access the data, then Oracle may retrieve the rows in a different order than without the index. Therefore, the following statement will not have the same effect as the preceding example:
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE ROWNUM < 11 ORDER BY last_name; If you embed the ORDER BY clause in a subquery and place the ROWNUM condition in the top-level query, then you can force the ROWNUM condition to be applied after the ordering of the rows. For example, the following query returns the employees with the 10 smallest employee numbers. This is sometimes referred to as top-N reporting:
SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY employee_id) WHERE ROWNUM < 11; In the preceding example, the ROWNUM values are those of the top-level SELECT statement, so they are generated after the rows have already been ordered by employee_id in the subquery.
Conditions testing for ROWNUM values greater than a positive integer are always false. For example, this query returns no rows:
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE ROWNUM > 1; The first row fetched is assigned a ROWNUM of 1 and makes the condition false. The second row to be fetched is now the first row and is also assigned a ROWNUM of 1 and makes the condition false. All rows subsequently fail to satisfy the condition, so no rows are returned.
You can also use ROWNUM to assign unique values to each row of a table, as in this example:
UPDATE my_table SET column1 = ROWNUM;
XMLDATA Pseudocolumn

Oracle stores XMLType data either in LOB or object-relational columns, based on XMLSchema information and how you specify the storage clause. The XMLDATA pseudocolumn lets you access the underlying LOB or object relational column to specify additional storage clause parameters, constraints, indexes, and so forth.

Example The following statements illustrate the use of this pseudocolumn. Suppose you create a simple table of XMLType:
```
CREATE TABLE xml_lob_tab of XMLTYPE;
```
The default storage is in a CLOB column. To change the storage characteristics of the underlying LOB column, you can use the following statement:
```
ALTER TABLE xml_lob_tab MODIFY LOB (XMLDATA)
   (STORAGE (BUFFER_POOL DEFAULT) CACHE);
```
Now suppose you have created an XMLSchema-based table like the xwarehouses table created in "Using XML in SQL Statements". You could then use the XMLDATA column to set the properties of the underlying columns, as shown in the following statement:
```
ALTER TABLE xwarehouses ADD (UNIQUE(XMLDATA."WarehouseId"));
```

SQL_PLSQL_TUTORIAL

Monday, August 10, 2015

DATABASE TUNNING- Using SQL Trace and TKPROF

DATABASE TUNING

Types of Database Tuning:

Database Tuning :

SQL Tuning:

Friday, July 31, 2015

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Cursor, ref cursor and SYS_Ref cursor.

Wednesday, May 28, 2014

Oracle - What is Pseudocolumns.

Hierarchical Query Pseudocolumns

CONNECT_BY_ISCYCLE Pseudocolumn

CONNECT_BY_ISLEAF Pseudocolumn

LEVEL Pseudocolumn

Sequence Pseudocolumns

Where to Use Sequence Values

===========

How to Use Sequence Values

Version Query Pseudocolumns

COLUMN_VALUE Pseudocolumn

OBJECT_ID Pseudocolumn

OBJECT_VALUE Pseudocolumn

ORA_ROWSCN Pseudocolumn

ROWID Pseudocolumn

ROWNUM Pseudocolumn

XMLDATA Pseudocolumn

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